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1
1 Mil- 0.001 inch (a thousandth of an inch or 0.025 mm).
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A
AB- Antiblocks (used to prevent polymer films from blocking or sticking together).
Accelerator- A compounding material used in small amounts with a vulcanizing
agent to increase the speed of vulcanization.
Adhesion- Sticking to a surface.
ADONA- Dyneon™ ADONA™ Emulsifier eliminates the use of ammonium
perfluorooctanoate (APFO), a salt derived from perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), completely
from its production of fluoropolymers.
Alternative Fuels- Includes fuels that contain 85% or more of alcohol, natural
gas, propane, coal-derived liquids, hydrogen, electricity, biodiesel (B100), fuels
derived from biological materials P-series fuels (as defined by the U.S. Dept. of
Energy - 1992 Energy Policy Act).
AMS- Aerospace Material Specification.
AN- Acid Neutralizer.
Antiblock Agent- Additive incorporated in film to prevent the adhesion (sticking)
between touching layers of film during fabrication, storage, or use. Examples of
such agents are: diatomaceous earth, silica, and talc.
AO- Antioxidant (1o = primary or usually phenolic-based; 2o = secondary or
usually phosphite-based).
APD- Application and Product Development (technical service organization
for Dyneon).
AS- Antistats (additives that prevent static charge build-up in polymers).
ASTM- American Society for Testing of Materials.
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B
Backrind- A defect on the surface of a molded part which appears as a crack
in the surface, usually appearing at the mold parting line.
Batch- The product of one mixing operation.
BFL- Blown film line.
Biodiesel- Any fuel or mixture of fuels that is derived in whole or part
from agricultural products and is suitable for diesel engines. (U.S. Dept. of Energy).
Biofuels- Any renewable fuel derived from biomass.
Bisphenol AF- Crosslinker for fluoroelastomers.
Blow Molding- Technique for extruding bottles: An extruder is operated continuously
and the output either feeds an accumulator or flows through the die as an endless
parison which is pinched off and filled with air forcing it into the shape of the
mold.
Blown Film- Process involves extruding a continuous thin walled tube of plastic
and inflating it immediately after it leaves the die. The pressure is such that
the tube stretches, increasing its diameter and reduces its wall thickness to desired
gauge. This is a standard technique for the production of plastic film.
Blow-up Ratio- The ratio of the final tube diameter to the die diameter in
blown film extrusion. In blow molding, it is the ratio between the mold cavity diameter
and the parison diameter.
Bond- The union of materials by use of adhesives, usually used in relation
to parts vulcanized after attaching.
Bonding Agents- Substances used to promote the bonding of rubber to other
materials, e.g., metals and textiles.
BOPP- Bioriented Polypropylene. The process of stretching a hot plastic film
or other article in two directions under conditions resulting in molecular orientation
in two directions.
BRE- Base resistant elastomer.
Brittle Point- Highest temperature in a series of low temperatures at which
the sample breaks when subjected to a sharp blow.
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C
Calander- Machine with two or more rolls, operating at selected surface speeds,
and controlled temperatures, for sheeting, laminating, skim coating, and friction
coating to a controlled thickness and/or surface characteristic.
Capillary Rheometer- An instrument for measuring the shear flow properties
of polymer melts. The data obtained are usually presented as graphs of shear stress
or viscosity against shear rate at a constant temperature.
CARB- California Air Resources Board.
CaSt- Calcium Stearate (acid neutralizer).
Cast Film- Film extruded from a flat die onto chill rolls.
CE10- A mixture of 90% RFC and 10% Ethanol.
CE85- A mixture of 15% RFC and 85% Ethanol.
CM15- A mixture of 85% RFC and 15% Methanol.
CMF- Cyclic Melt Fracture.
Coefficient Of Friction- Resistance to movement of sliding or rolling surfaces
of solid bodies in contact with each other.
Coextrusion- Simultaneous extrusion of different layers of hoses, profiles,
films, etc., in the same die head.
CoF- Coefficient of Friction (as measured by ASTM D 1894-78).
Color Change-over- Switch of colors during plastic manufacturing (injection
molding, blow molding, fiber extrusion).
Color Concentrate- Plastic compound which contains a high percentage of pigment
to be blended into base resins.
Comonomer- Other monomer used for PE polymerization (C4 butene, C6 hexene,
C8 octene).
Compound, General- Intimate mixture of a polymer with all the materials necessary
for the finished article. Sometimes called stock.
Compression Stress Relaxation (CSR)- The measurement of a material’s ability
to be compressed and maintain the resultant sealing force over a range of environmental
conditions.
Compression Molding- Molding process in which the material is placed directly
in the mold cavity and compressed to shape by closure of the mold.
Compression Set- The residual deformation of a material after removal of
the compressive stress. Generally obtained after stress was applied for a given
length of time at a specified temperature.
Copolymer- Polymer formed of two or more monomers.
CPI- Chemical Processing Industry.
Cross-linking- When chemical bonds set up between molecular chains, the material
is said to be cross-linked. Once cross-linked, materials cannot be reprocessed.
A form of curing.
CSM- See: Cure site monomer.
Cure Density- Density of the cross-linked network structure.
Cure Site Monomer (CSM)- Monomer that permits cross-linking through radical
cure systems (peroxides).
Curing Agent- Chemical which will cause cross-linking to occur.
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D
DBU- Die build-up.
DBU(E)- Die build-up (elimination).
DE- Diatomaceous Earth (antiblock).
Density- The mass per unit volume of a material.
Die- A steel block containing an orifice through which plastic is extruded,
shaping the extrudate to the desired form.
Die Build-up- Accumulation of material deposits on the surface of the die.
Die Gap- Distance between the metal faces forming the die opening.
Dipolymer- Polymer formed of two monomers.
Dispersion, General- Fine division of particles of a pigment, additives or
other solids in another material.
Downgauging- A way to reduce thickness in plastic films, bottles, etc.
Drooling- Leakage of resin from a nozzle or around the nozzle area during
the injection step in injection molding or around the screen-pack during extrusion.
DSC- Differential scanning calorimeter (analytical instrument used to measure
melting temperature, onset of thermal decay and other thermal data).
Durometer- An instrument for measuring the hardness of rubber and plastics.
“A” Durometer is used for flexible materials the “D” for rigid materials.
Durometer Hardness- An arbitrary numbering scale that indicates the resistance
to indentation of the indentor point of the Durometer. High values indicate harder
materials. The value may be taken immediately (highest point) or after a very short
specified time.
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E
Elastomer- A polymeric material which, at room temperature, is capable of
recovering substantially in shape and size after removal of a deforming force. This
generally refers to a synthetic polymer as opposed to rubber, which preferably indicates
the natural product.
Elongation- Extension produced by tensile stress, usually expressed as a
percent of original unit length (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers &
Design, March 1982).
Elongation, Ultimate- The elongation at time of rupture (The Language of
Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
ESCR- Environmental stress crack resistance.
ETFE- A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene.
EURO V- European regulations for motorized vehicle emissions; V refers to
the fifth stage.
EVA- Copolymer of vinyl acetate and ethylene.
Extrusion- Process to force rubbers or thermoplastics through an orifice,
which is often shaped to the geometry of the desired product.
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F
FAMEs- Fatty acid methyl esters.
FC Grades- Dyneon’s line of dipolymer products based on combinations of vinylidene
fluoride and hexafluoropropylene monomers. Some of these products contain incorporated
cure packages. Many of these products have alternative counterparts in our
FE or MIP product lines that may offer improved
processibility.
FDA- United States Food and Drug Administration.
FE Grades- Dyneon’s line of dipolymer or terpolymer products based on combinations
of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene monomers. This
family of products was designed to offer improved processing characteristics over
our FC grades. They are based on cure systems and modified polymers designed to
yield improved scorch safety, mold release characteristics and improved processing
in fabrication processes such as injection molding and extrusion.
FEP- A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
FFKM- ASTM designation for perfluoroelastomers.
FG Grade- Dyneon product that complies with specified U.S. FDA or other food
contact regulations, and may be considered for use in certain food contact applications
subject to the provisions, including specifications, conditions of use, or limitations,
if any, in the specified regulation.
FG Grades- Dyneon’s line of incorporated cure, dipolymer products based on
vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene that comply with U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) regulation C.F.R. 177.2600 (c)(4)(i). The cure system incorporated
into these products offers excellent moldability, including scorch safety and mold
release characteristics.
Filler- A solid compounding material, usually in finely divided form, which
may be added in relatively large proportions to a polymer for technical and/or economical
reasons.
Filler Content- Amount of filler(s) in a formulation (generally expressed
in phr = parts per hundred parts of rubber).
FKM- ASTM designation for fluoroelastomers.
Flash- The excess material protruding from the surface of a molded article
at the mold junctions.
Flex Fatigue Resistance- Endurance testing of rubber parts under dynamic
stress.
FLS Grades- Dyneon’s line of high fluorine content terpolymers based primarily
on vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene monomers. Due
to the higher percentage of fluorine in these products, they typically offer improved
chemical resistance over lower fluorine containing terpolymers or dipolymers.
Flowline- A defect in the surface of a molded part where the elastomer shows
the witness of two flowing fronts that have not completely filled. Also known as
a knitline.
Fluorine Content- Weight percentage of fluorine atoms in the base polymer.
Fluoroelastomer- Elastomeric polymer consisting of fluorine containing monomers.
Fluoroplastic- Specialty plastic that contains significant amounts of fluorinated
repetition units so that the characteristics of the material are impacted by the
fluorinated repetition units.
Fluorothermoplastic- Fluoroplastic that can be molten repeatedly and that
can be processed by conventional melt-processing techniques, e.g., extrusion, injection
molding, etc.
FPM- European abbreviation for fluoroelastomer versus FKM which is the abbreviation
used in North and South Americas.
FPO Grades- Dyneon’s new product line of peroxide cured fluoropolymers. Offering
broader chemical resistance at high temperatures in environments where steam, water
and acids are present.
Fuel C- 50/50 mixture by volume (Toluene/Isooctane).
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G
Gasket- Deformable material clamped between essentially stationary faces
to prevent the passage of matter through an opening or joint.
Gauge- Thickness of plastic film measured in decimal inches or mils.
Gel- Small globular mass which has not blended completely into the surrounding
material resulting in a fault in the film or sheet. Gels might be caused by poor
mixing, cross-linking or oxidation of the plastic.
Glass Transition Point- Temperature at which a material loses its glasslike
properties and becomes a semi-liquid (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers
& Design, March 1982). May be referenced as Tg.
Gloss- Brightness or luster of a plastic resulting from a smooth surface.
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H
HALS- Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer (additives that enhance UV and processing
stability).
Hardness- The resistance to indentation as measured under specified conditions
(also see durometer hardness).
HDPE- High density polyethylene.
Heat Aging- “When specimens of vulcanized rubber are given accelerated aging
in air or oxygen at elevated temperatures and in some cases, pressure for specified
periods of time. The deterioration is generally noted as a percentchange from originally
measured properties (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design,
March 1982)”.
HFP- Hexafluoropropylene.
HK Tables- Fluoroelastomer classification system defined in SAE J200 / ASTM
D 2000.
HLMI- High load melt index (21.6 vs. 2.16 kg) usually used for HMW-HDPE.
HMW-HDPE- High molecular weight - high density polyethylene.
HP- Horsepower.
HT- Hydrotalcite (acid neutralizer).
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I
ID- Inner diameter.
Incorporated Cure System- Commercially available fluoroelastomer grades with
well ballanced curative package added by the polymer manufacturer; the composition
and the dosage of the curatives are adjusted to the application of the finished
article.
Injection Molding- Process of forming a material by forcing it from an auxiliary
heated chamber through a sprue into the cavity of a closed mold by means of a pressure
gradient that is independent from the mold clamping force.
Internal Mixer- An enclosed mixing machine of high power for rubber and other
suitable material, inside of which are two counter-rotating heavy mixing rotors
with small clearance between themselves and the enclosing walls. The mixing chamber
is jacketed and may be heated.
ISD- Independent Sealing Distributors.
ISO- International Organization of Standardization.
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K
Knitline- A defect in the surface of a molded part where the elastomer shows
the witness of two flowing fronts that have not completely filled. Also known as
a flowline.
KW- Kilowatt (electrical power measure).
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L
L/D- Ratio of length to diameter of the extruder screw or extrusion die.
LDPE- Low-density polyethylene.
LEV- Low emission vehicle.
LLDPE- Linear low density polyethylene.
Low Temperature Flexibility- The ability of a rubber product to be flexed,
bent or bowed at specified temperatures without loss of serviceability (The Language
of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
LTFE Grades- Dyneon’s Low Temperature Fluoroelastomers, offering excellent
low temperature sealing capability, excellent fuel and oil resistance, and low compression
set resistance in peroxide-cured fluoroelastomers.
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M
Masterbatch, General- Concentrated blend of pigment, additives, filler, etc.
in a base polymer. Masterbatch is added in small amounts to large volume of material
(the same as or compatible with the base polymer) to produce the desired formulation.
The term masterbatch is sometimes used for color concentrate as well as for concentration
of other additives.
Masterbatch, Rubber- Homogenuous mixture of rubber and one or more materials
in known proportions for use as a raw material in the preparation of the final compounds.
MB- Masterbatch.
Melt Fracture- A phenomenon of melt extrudate in which the surface appears
rough or wavy upon exit from the die. Melt fracture may appear uniformly or in certain
sections only.
Melt Index- A viscosity measurement; the number of grams, of a thermoplastic
resin which can be forced through a 0.0825 inch orifice when subjected to 2160 grams
force in 10 minutes at 190°C (374°F).
MF- Melt fracture.
MFR- Melt flow rate.
MH- Maximum torque on the cure curve.
MI- Melt index.
Mill- Machine with two counter rotating rolls, usually driven at different
speeds, having adjustable longitudinal axis separation from one to another to alter
the nip, used for breakdown mastication, mixing or sheeting.
MIP Grades- Dyneon’s line of multifunctional improved productivity fluoroelastomers
offering improved flow properties, faster cure times and excellent processability.
Mixer, Internal- Machine with a closed cavity in which a specially shaped
rotor(s) masticate the rubber and incorporate and/or disperse compounding materials
into the rubber.
ML- Minimum torque on the cure curve. Usually used when refering to alternating
layers of steel/FKM coating/steel.
MLLDPE- Metallocene linear low density polyethylene.
MLS- Multi-layer steel. Usually used when refering to alternating layers
of steel/FKM coating/steel.
Mold Fill Time- Time to fill the mold (injection molding).
Mold Fouling- Chemicals extracted from rubber on the mold or layers of rubber
baked to the mold.
Mold Release Agent- Substance applied to the surfaces of the mold or added
to a material to be molded, to facilitate removal of the product from the mold.
Mold Shrinkage- The difference in dimensions, expressed in inches per inch,
between a molding and the mold cavity in which it was molded, both the mold and
the molding being at room temperature when measured (The Language of Rubber, Automotive
Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
Mold Temperature- Temperature of the mold during the curing process.
Molecular Weight- The weight of a molecule of a substance referred to that
of an atom of oygen as 16. The molecular weights of a polymer vary considerably
within the polymer and therefore are stated as averages.
Monomer- Low molecular weight substance consisting of molecules capable of
reacting with like or unlike molecules to form a polymer.
Mooney Scorch- A procedure for determining the cure characteristics of a
compound using a mooney viscometer, generally at specified elevated temperatures.
The values versus time are recorded or plotted and the time values reported when
the viscosity values have increased 5 and 30 points above the minimum (The Language
of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
Mooney Viscosity- Measure of the viscosity of a rubber or rubber compound
determined in a mooney shearing disc viscometer.
M-PE (also mLLDPE, m-LLDPE)- Metallocene catalyzed polyethylene.
MW- Molecular weight.
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O
OAT Coolant- Organic acid technology (long life) coolant. OAT coolants are
typically used in diesel engine cooling systems.
Oil Resistance- The ability to withstand swelling and deterioration by a
specified oily liquid for a specified time and temperature (The Language of Rubber,
Automotive Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
O-Ring- Product of precise dimensions molded in one piece to the configuration
of a torus with a circular cross section, suitable for use in a machined groove
for static or dynamic service.
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P
PA- Polymer additive.
PE- Polyethylene.
Perfluoroelastomer- Perfluorinated rubber of the polymethylene type having
all fluoro, perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroalkoxy substituent groups on the polymer
chain (ASTM D 1418).
PEG- Polyethylene glycol.
Permeability- The permeation rate divided by the pressure gradient of the
gas or vapor.
Permeation Rate- The flow rate of a gas or a vapor, under specified conditions,
through a prescribed area of a solid body, divided by that area.
Peroxide- A compound containing a bivalent ––O—O— group in the molecule.
They are strong oxidizing agents and are very reactive (examples: benzoyl peroxide,
dicumyl peroxide). Used in polymerization reactions and for cross-linking agents.
PFA- A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluorovinylether.
PFE- Dyneon’s designation for Perfluoroelastomer.
PMVE- Perfluoromethyl vinyl ether.
Polymer- Substance consisting of molecules characterized by the repetition
of one or more types of monomeric units.
Polymer Processing Aid- Additives incorporated into thermoplastics, particularly
polyolefins to eliminate melt fracture, reduce die build-up, while increasing throughput
and productivity during the extrusion of films, pipes, sheets, etc.
Polyolefins- Class of polymers made by polymerizing relatively simple olefins,
including ethylene, propylene, butenes, isoprenes, and pentenes.
POP- Polyolefin plastomer
Post Cure- Heat or radiation treatment, or both, to which a cured or partially
cured thermosetting plastic or rubber composition is subjected to increase the state
of cure or enhance the level of one or more properties (The Language of Rubber,
Automotive Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
PP- Polypropylene.
PPA- Polymer processing additive (also PA, PPAs).
PPM- Parts per Million (concentration), 1000 PPM 0.1%.
Predictive Sealing- Dyneon uses leak testing in combination with sealing
force analysis to predict the sealing ability of a material for a particular design.
Press Cure- Vulcanization of rubber in a press operated by hydraulic pressure.
The mold is placed between heated plates.
Primer- Coating applied to the surface of a material, prior to application
of an adhesive to improve the performance of the adhesive bond.
Processability- The relative ease with which raw or compounded rubber can
be handled in rubber machinery (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers &
Design, March 1982).
PS- Polystyrene.
PTFE- Polytetrafluoroethylene.
PVDF- A polymer of vinylidene fluoride.
PZEV- Partial zero emission vehicle.
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R
Raw Gum- Base material for rubber compounds.
RFC- Reference Fuel C - a mixture of 50% Toluene and 50% IsoOctane.
Rheometer- Measuring device to measure the rheological properties of elastomeric
compounds.
Rheovulcameter- Measuring device to measure the rheological properties of
elastomeric compounds.
RME- Rapeseed methyl ester.
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S
SAE- Society of Automotive Engineers.
Scorch- Premature vulcanization of a rubber compound.
SEM- Scanning electron microscope.
Shaft Seal- Article to seal rotating shafts.
Shark Skin- Surface irregularity of a film or a blow molded container during
extrusion. See Melt Fracture.
Shear Rate- Normalised (independent of the machine geometry) measure that
indicates the output of the extruder. The unit of shear rate is sec-1.
Shear Stress- The stress applied on a material to deform it and make it flow,
at a fixed shear rate, is directly proportional to the viscosity.
SHED- Sealed housing for emission detection.
Shrink Packaging- Technique for packaging by wrapping items in a film or
bag which, when heated, fits tightly around the contained article.
Shrinkage Volume- Contraction of a molded rubber product on cooling from
vulcanization temperature.
Slip Agent- Compounded into the plastic, the additive gradually migrates
to the surface where it reduces the coefficient of friction.
SME- Soy methyl ester.
SORE- Small off-road engine or equipment.
SSMF- Sharkskin melt fracture.
Strain- Deformation resulting from a stress (The Language of Rubber, Automotive
Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
Stress- Force per unit of original cross sectional area that is applied to
a part or specimen (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design,
March 1982).
Stress Relaxation- The time dependent decrease in stress for a specimen at
constant strain (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design, March
1982).
SULEV- Super ultra low emission vehicle.
Synergy- Phenomenon wherein the effect of a combination of two additives
is greater than the effect that could be expected from the known performance of
each additive used singly.
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T
T'50- Time to 50% cure in minutes.
T'90- Time to 90% cure in minutes.
Temperature Retraction (TR) Test- A method for evaluating the low temperature
characteristics of a vulcanized part by measuring the temperature at which retraction
over the range of 10% to 70% of original elongation occurs. The test is generally
employed to determine the susceptibility of a rubber to crystallize. The specimen
is stretched at room temperature, cooled to very low temperature, released and warmed
at a uniform rate (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design, March
1982).
Tensile Strength- Maximum tensile stress applied during stretching of a specimen
to rupture (The Language of Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
Terpolymer- Polymer formed of three monomer species.
TFE- Tetrafluoroethylene.
Tg- Glass transition temperature.
TGA- Thermalgravimetric analysis.
THV- A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene
fluoride.
Thermoforming- Process of forming a thermoplastic sheet into a three dimensional
shape by clamping the sheet in a frame, heating it to render it soft, then applying
differential pressure to make the sheet conform to the shape of a mold or die positioned
below the frame.
Thermogravimetric Analysis- A test procedure used to determine the thermal
stability or composition of a material. Two modes are possible: determining the
change of weight of a specimen while changing temperature at a given rate, or the
change of weight of a specimen with time at a fixed temperature (The Language of
Rubber, Automotive Elastomers & Design, March 1982).
Thermoplastics- Resins or plastic compounds which, in their final state as
finished articles, are capable of being repeatedly softened by an increase of temperature
and hardened by a decrease of temperature.
TiO2- Titanium Dioxide (white pigment).
TM- Trademark.
TNPP- Tris (nonylphenyl) phosphate.
TR-10- Measure of cold temperature elasticity of vulcanized rubber articles.
Transfer Molding- The process of forming a material by forcing it from an
auxiliary heated chamber through a sprue into the cavity of a closed mold by means
of a pressure gradient that is dependent on the mold clamping force.
Tribology- Study of friction and wear.
Ts2- Time to 2-inch rise from minimum in minutes.
TSE- Twin screw extruder.
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U
UHP- Ultra high purity.
UV- Ultraviolet radiation.
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V
VdF- Vinylidene fluoride (also VF2).
VF2- Vinylidene fluoride (also VdF).
Viscosity- The measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow (either through
a specific orifice or in a rotational viscometer). The absolute unit of viscosity
measurement is poise (or centipoise).
VLLDPE- Very linear low density polyethylene.
Volume Swell- Percentage increase in volume attained by immersing a vulcanized
sample of rubber in a specific substance. Volume swell is used to determine the
resistance of rubber to chemicals as well as to measure the cross-link density.
VOME- Vegetable oil methyl esters.
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W
W&C- Wire and cable.
Weathering- Testing of plastics, textiles and coatings for resistance to
atmospheric influences through outdoor or indoor testing with appropiate equipment.
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X
XRF- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Z
ZEV- Zero emission vehicle.
ZnO- Zinc oxide (acid neutralizer).
ZnSt- Zinc stearate (acid neutralizer).
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